Typical hydrodynamic models for aquaculture nets: A comparative study under pure current conditions

The net is regarded as the most critical component in marine aquaculture facilities as it is the only barrier which protects the environment from fish escapes. Accurate predictions of the net cage deformation and drag force on the nets are needed, both for ensuring fish welfare and for dimensioning of the mooring system. Thus, an appropriate hydrodynamic model is essential. In practice, two types of hydrodynamic force models, i.e., the Morison type and the Screen type, are commonly used to calculate the hydrodynamic forces on nets. Application of the models depends on the underlying structural model and the availability of data. A systematic review of hydrodynamic models is therefore undertaken to compare the models and various parameterisations, in aid of model selection during the design. In this study, eleven commonly used hydrodynamic models, i.e., five Morison models and six Screen models, are reviewed comprehensively, and implemented into a general finite element (FE) solver for dynamic simulations. Sensitivity studies on different current velocities, inflow angles and solidities of the nets are carried out. Moreover, different wake effects are also considered in numerical simulations. The numerical results from different models are compared against existing experimental data under pure current conditions. Suggestions for selection of suitable hydrodynamic models are provided, based on the model comparison.     

Wx^mp基因背景下可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和去分支酶基因PUL对水稻蒸煮食味品质的影响

【目的】分析在同一主效基因(Wx^mp)背景下可溶性淀粉合成酶基因SSⅡa和去分支酶基因PUL对稻米蒸煮食味品质的影响,以期为水稻品质遗传改良提供依据。【方法】选择在SSⅡa和PUL存在多态性而其他淀粉合成酶相关基因没有多态性的半糯品系宁0145和粳稻品种武运粳21进行杂交,获得F2群体与F3株系。利用分子标记,选择含有Wx^mp基因的F2单株与F3株系,将这些F2单株与F3株系分成SSⅡa^nPUL^n、SSⅡa^nPUL^w、SSⅡa^wPUL^n和SSⅡa^wPUL^w4种基因型(n和w分别表示该基因来源于宁0145和武运粳21),分析不同基因型蒸煮食味品质性状的差异,探讨同一Wxmp基因背景下不同SSⅡa和PUL等位基因对蒸煮食味品质性状的影响。【结果】不同基因型间蒸煮食味品质性状均存在显著差异,来源于武运粳21的SSⅡa^w基因和PUL^w基因分别使直链淀粉含量增加0.29%~1.00%和0.62%~1.18%,且PUL的效应大于SSⅡa,两者间存在互作效应。SSⅡa^w基因和PUL^w基因降低胶稠度和崩解值,提高了热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、消减值和回复值,对糊化温度、峰值黏度和峰值时间的作用较小。【结论】明确了Wx^mp背景下SSⅡa和PUL基因对稻米蒸煮食味品质的遗传效应,该研究结果为SSⅡa和PUL基因的分子标记辅助选择改良稻米品质提供了理论依据。     

河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿施肥效应及其基于数据包络分析法的经济效益研究

为科学准确地评判河西走廊苜蓿主产区紫花苜蓿饲草生产中施肥措施对其产品质量及生产收益的影响,本研究以“甘农3号”紫花苜蓿为材料,通过2016、2017年2年田间试验,以该区域紫花苜蓿饲草生产的平衡施肥推荐方案(N 103.5 kg·hm^-2、P₂O₅ 105 kg·hm^-2、K₂O 90 kg·hm^-2)为对照,探讨了不施肥及3种不完全施肥(缺氮偏施、缺磷偏施、缺钾偏施)处理下紫花苜蓿的生产性能,并采用数据包络分析法(DEA)对其经济效益进行分析。结果表明:与不施肥相比,施肥措施各处理均显著提高紫花苜蓿产量、蛋白总量,降低其酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维,提高了相对饲用价值,从而改善了紫花苜蓿品质,并有效增加了经济效益;与氮、磷、钾平衡施肥相比,各偏肥处理的紫花苜蓿产量和品质均显著低于平衡施肥,尤以缺磷偏施的降幅最大,2016、2017年2年的产量和蛋白总量降幅分别达到25.9%、25.7%和33.4%、33.1%。因此,磷是河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿饲草生产的养分限制因子,氮、磷、钾对该地区紫花苜蓿生产性能影响顺序为:磷>氮>钾。运用数据包络分析法(DEA)分析出河西荒漠灌区紫花苜蓿的施肥效应为氮、磷、钾平衡施肥的经济效益最优,为DEA有效;不完全施肥的3个评价单元及不施肥评价单元为DEA无效,其中,不施肥经济效益最低,3个不完全施肥评价单元中的缺磷偏肥的紫花苜蓿经济效益比缺氮偏肥和缺钾偏肥更低;另外还以DEA模型推算出不同施肥措施下紫花苜蓿饲草生产经济效益改进的具体方案,其中,不施肥的紫花苜蓿饲草生产需调整的幅度最大,调整额度达10678.88 CNY·hm^-2,各施肥措施需调整的幅度排序为:不施肥>缺磷偏施>缺氮偏施>缺钾偏施。     

农业气象灾害对我国粮食生产的影响——基于八大经济区的面板数据回归

随着全球气候变暖的加剧，气象灾害频发对世界各国的农业生产构成了巨大威胁。本文基 于投入产出理论，通过分析我国八大经济区域1997-2018 年农业生产状况的面板数据，着重考虑了农 业气象灾害对不同地区粮食生产的影响程度，并基于分析结果提出了相应的建议。     

马尾松种植技术及经济效益分析

在我国林木种植中马尾松生长在气温较高的地区，同时其分布范围相对较广。本文主要针 对马尾松种植技术和经济效益进行了分析。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯协同对玉米小斑病菌的抑制效果

运用对峙培养法测定解淀粉芽孢杆菌SJ06菌株对玉米小斑病菌的拮抗活性;采用菌丝生长速率法测定发酵上清液、脂肽粗提物对玉米小斑病菌的抑菌活性,以及SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯复配的协同抑菌活性。结果表明:对峙培养SJ06对玉米小斑病菌的抑制率为71.43%;SJ06发酵上清液和脂肽粗提物对病菌的EC_(50)值分别为0.88μL/mL和0.23μL/mL,吡唑醚菌酯对病菌的EC_(50)值为1.10μg/m L;SJ06脂肽粗提物与吡唑醚菌酯复配对玉米小斑病菌的毒性比均大于1,说明复配对病菌的抑制效果均为增效作用,其中,复配体积比为4∶6时毒性比为1.21,增效作用最强。     

生物炭对黑土区坡耕地土地生产力的可持续效应研究

为探究一次性施加生物炭后对黑土区坡耕地生产力的可持续效应,以东北黑土区3°坡耕地径流小区为研究对象,设置CK(不施用生物炭)和BC(2016年施用75 t/hm~2生物炭,2017、2018年不再施用生物炭)两个处理,于2016—2018年开展了试验研究。结果表明:一次性施入生物炭3年内,土壤容重显著降低(P0.05),第1年降低最明显,为3.87%,孔隙度和总有机碳、铵态N、有效P、速效K含量显著提高(P0.05),p H值则是施炭后前两年显著提高(P_(2016)=0.034、P_(2017)=0.038),分别提高了0.9、0.6,第3年与未施炭处理无显著差异(P_(2018)=0.067);施用生物炭显著提升了土壤的持水能力和保水保土性能,土壤饱和含水率、田间持水率、凋萎系数均显著提高(P0.05),最大增长率分别为5.58%、4.78%、7.29%,年径流深和土壤侵蚀量显著降低(P0.05),年径流深最大减少量为4.92 mm,土壤侵蚀量最大减小率为5.71%;大豆产量和水分利用效率显著提高(P0.05),最大增长率分别为29.01%、16.92%。但生物炭对土地生产力的持续效应逐年减弱,随着生物炭施用年限的延长,BC处理土壤容重线性递增,p H值和总有机碳含量呈幂函数递减,孔隙度和铵态N、有效P、速效K含量线性递减,饱和含水率、田间持水率、凋萎系数线性递减,年径流深和土壤侵蚀量线性递增,大豆产量和水分利用效率分别呈幂函数递减和线性递减。采用改进的TOPSIS(Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)模型和GM(1,1)模型测算并预测土地生产力指数,结果显示,BC处理的土地生产力指数均高于CK处理,但其值逐年下降,预计到2021年与CK处理十分接近,表明一次性施用75 t/hm~2生物炭对土地生产力的影响可持续5～6年。研究结果可为东北黑土区生物炭应用提供理论依据。     

探究姜和大蒜粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌的抑制作用

研究旨在了解不同浓度姜和大蒜粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌的抑制效果及对菌丝形态结构的影响,以此初步获得最适合的抑制病原菌的植物粗提取液浓度。以姜和大蒜粗提取液为供试材料,测定不同浓度2种粗提取液对甘蓝枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌的生长情况、孢子浓度、孢子萌发率及菌丝结构的影响。结果表明,2种粗提取液均能抑制并降低尖孢镰刀菌的生长速率、孢子浓度和孢子萌发率,且大蒜粗提取液比姜粗提取液抑制效果更显著,在低浓度下对菌丝形态结构的影响也比姜粗提取液明显,大蒜粗提取液在各浓度下与对照相比均达极显著差异,且大蒜浓度为0.4 g/mL时对尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发率抑制达100%。该试验证实大蒜对甘蓝枯萎病菌有极显著抑制作用,为使用间种或轮作大蒜进行田间防治甘蓝枯萎病菌提供了参考。     

新泰市马铃薯晚疫病田间药效筛选试验

_SSSSSS 【 】 选用了70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂等6种药剂开展马铃薯晚疫病田间防效试验。结果表明,80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂1500g/hm^₂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果最好,防效为77.4%；70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂375g/hm^₂对马铃薯晚疫病的防效次之,防效为73.6%。     

Residual effects of soil Zn fertilization on soil characteristics,yield and quality of Platycodon grandiflorum

ABSTRACT

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is common worldwide and is a major limiting factor in the cultivation of Platycodon grandiflorum because most P. grandiflorum is cultivated on soils with slight or severe levels of Zn deficiency in China. To investigate the effects of soil Zn fertilization on P. grandiflorum and its residual effects on soil characteristics, a randomized complete block design was conducted at the experimental station of Shandong Agricultural University China in 2016–2018. In 2016, ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O was used as Zn fertilizer. The fertilizer levels of Zn fertilizer were designed as 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kg ha^?1 and were denoted as CK, Zn₄, Zn₆, Zn₈ and Zn₁₀. No Zn fertilizer was used in 2017 and 2018. The results showed that soil Zn fertilization increased the quantity of soil bacteria, and actinobacteria, Zn₈ and Zn₁₀ treatments increased the soil fungal quantity in 2017, whereas the effect was observed only in the Z₁₀ treatment in 2018. Soil Zn fertilization enhanced the activity of polyphenol oxidase, decreased that of phosphatase, and did not influence the invertase activity in both 2017 and 2018. Both the yield and the quality of P. grandiflorum in the succeeding three years increased due to the soil Zn fertilization in 2016. Overall, soil Zn application is a suitable approach to the cultivation of P. grandiflorum, and the residual effects of a one-time soil Zn fertilization could last at least two years.